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Slavic coal miner, in Pittsburgh bituminous coal district, 1910.
Credit: NYPL digital gallery, New York Public Library
At the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, western Pennsylvania boasted the nation's largest population of east European immigrants. Pittsburgh and the surrounding steel and mining towns hosted thriving communities of Slovaks, Czechs, Rutherians, Hungarians, Poles, Slavs, and other eastern Europeans.