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Football at Carlisle Indian School: A Tool for Assimilation?
Background Information for Teachers


Further Reading

Adams, David Wallace. "‘More Than A Game’ The Carlisle Indians Take To The Grid Iron 1893 – 1917." Western Historical Quarterly (Spring 2001).

This article contains period editorial cartoons displaying typical Indian stereotypes of the day. Mr. Adams also recounts the role of football in strengthening the ethnic identity of students at the Carlisle Indian School.

Anderson, Lars. Carlisle vs. Army: Jim Thorpe, Dwight Eisenhower, Pop Warner, and the Forgotten Story of Football's Greatest Battle. New York, NY: Random House, 2007.

This biography takes an in-depth look at Thorpe's life and includes discussion regarding Thorpe's relationship with his coach at the Carlisle Indian School, Glenn Warner. It also examines in-depth the stripping of Thorpe's Olympic medals and a possible conspiracy with professional baseball executives.

Steckbeck, John S. Fabulous Redmen. Harrisburg, PA: J Horace McFarland Company, 1951.

This source provides lists of players from each Indian team from 1891 - 1917. It also gives brief descriptions of key individual games (notably the CIS - West Point game on November 9th, 1912).

Web Sites

Carlisle Indian Industrial School Research Pages http://www.carlisleindianschool.org

Provides a wealth of information about the school, particularly historical background and photographs