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Bayard Rustin demonstrating in Washington D.C. for the release from prison of COs who refused alternative service, early 1940s.
Credit: Courtesy of the Estate of Bayard Rustin
After joining the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR) in 1941, Bayard Rustin traveled the country spreading the gospel of pacifism, urged blacks to avoid military duty, and was arrested and nearly jailed for refusing to move to the back of the bus while traveling in Tennessee. In November 1943, Rustin refused to report for his physical examination for alternative service, leading to his own imprisonment in 1944.